View Article  Ribbon Synapses

Compound Fusion at Ribbon Synapses
 
How ribbon synapses in photoreceptors and retinal bipolar cells can release vesicles extremely rapidly has long been a mystery.  Diffusion of undocked vesicles to the plasma membrane is too slow to account for the speed of release.  Matthews and Sterling now provide electron-microscopic evidence that compound fusion - in which vesicles fuse to each other before fusing with the plasma membrane - occurs at ribbon synapses of goldfish bipolar cells.  Stimulated ribbon synapses had significantly fewer vesicles tethered to the ribbon than those in which exocytosis was blocked.  Although most vesicles had similar sizes in stimulated and unstimulated synapses, vesicles up to three times larger appeared after stimulation.  The largest of these occurred at the base of the ribbon, adjacent to the plasma membrane, whereas normal-sized vesicles predominated at the top of the ribbon.  Invaginations of the plasma membrane near ribbon synapses also appeared after stimulation, and like vesicles, these were tethered to the ribbon.

 

The Journal Of Neuroscience

Gary Matthews and Peter Sterling

 

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View Article  The Direct Diet for MS
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What you are about to read is not an endorsement of any particular diet as a therapy for multiple sclerosis. Nor is it a suggestion to forgo established medical treatments. But   more »
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View Article  Swank Diet 3 of 3

Swank Diet 3 of 3

 

FATS.  

                                      

The main energy-providing components of food are protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol. Of these, weight for ...   more »

View Article  Swank Diet 2 of 3

Swank Diet 2 of 3

 

 

 

RED MEATS.  

 

During the first year on the diet, red meat is not allowed, including pork.

 

Of the following low-fat meats, 3 oz. = 1 tsp. saturated fat. You are allowed 3 ounces (weighed after cooking) following the first year.

 

Low-Fat Meats

·    Lamb (leg)

·    Liver (chicken, turkey, beef, calf, pork)

·    Kidney (pork, veal, lamb)

·    Heart (calf, beef - lean portion only)

·    Tongue (calf only)

·    Rabbit

·    Venison

·    Elk

·    Gizzard (chicken)

 

2 ounces of the following medium-fat meats = 1 tsp. saturated fat. You are allowed 3 ounces following the first year.

 

Medium-Fat Meats

 

·    Beef (lean only)

·    Ham (lean only)

·    Lamb (rib, loin, shoulder)

·    Pork (lean only)

·    Veal

·    Chicken (dark meat, no skin)

·    Turkey (dark meat, no skin)

·    Pheasant (no skin)

·    Squab (no skin)

·    Heart (lamb, chicken, turkey)

·    Kidney (beef)

·    Tongue (beef)

·    Gizzard (turkey)

 

 

VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS  

 

The following vitamin supplements are recommended:

1 tsp. cod liver oil or 4 capsules (equals 5 grams oil to be counted in your daily allotment). Cod liver oil contains highly unsaturated fatty acids and will give you more energy. It also aids in reducing the number of colds and flu you may have. Cod liver oil is high in vitamins A and D. Additional A and D should be restricted to only one therapeutic multiple vitamin and mineral capsule per day (not mega doses).

1 multiple vitamin with minerals (see #1 above).

1,000 mg. vitamin C

400 IU vitamin E

 

 

QUICK REFERENCE

 

1. Saturated fat should not exceed 15 grams per day.

 

2. Unsaturated fat (oils) should be kept to 20-50 grams per day.

 

3. No red meat for the first year.

 

4. After the first year, 3 oz. of red meat is allowed once per week.

 

5. Dairy products must contain 1% or less butterfat unless otherwise noted.

 

6. No processed foods containing saturated fat.

 

7. Cod liver oil (1 tsp. or equivalent capsules) and a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement are recommended daily.

 

 

The Swank Low-Fat Diet is not a new treatment. Our ancestors ate much less fat than we do, both for economic reasons and because it simply was not available. Today many have returned to this more natural diet for health reasons. The Swank Diet has been helping patients with MS live productive lives for over 35 years. It is simply a diet low in saturated fat and relatively rich in polyunsaturated oils. To obtain maximum benefit from treatment, we advocate its application as early as possible. This is while the symptoms are transient, before a major disabling attack occurs in MS, heart disease or stroke.

 

The diet should be accompanied by adequate rest, reduction of stress, and the adoption of a mental attitude that fosters optimism and determination to live a satisfying life within the limitations of the disease. The goal of the MS patient is to reduce the attacks and promote a state of remission that will add years of fruitful activity to his or her life. It is our belief that the Swank Low-Fat Diet plays a major role in accomplishing this goal.

 

 

Note: 

 

I have started a series on diets for healthy living.  I, myself, do not necessarily adhere to all or any of these diets.  I am merely presenting them to you so that you may be able to make an informed decision about your own diet.

View Article  Swank Diet 1 of 3
Note: I am starting a series on diets for healthy living. I, myself, do not necessarily adhere to all or any of these diets. I am merely presenting them to you so that you may be able to make an informed decision about your own diet.   more »